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The architecture of Windows NTa line of operating systems produced and sold by Microsoftis a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode. It is a preemptivereentrant multitasking operating system, which has been designed to work with uniprocessor and symmetrical multiprocessor SMP -based computers.

Starting with Windows XPMicrosoft began making bit versions of Windows available; before this, there were only bit versions of these operating systems. Programs and subsystems in user mode are limited in terms of what system resources they have access to, while the kernel mode has unrestricted access to the system memory and external devices. Kernel mode in Windows NT has windosw access to the hardware and system resources of the computer.

The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel ; the architecture comprises a simple kernelhardware abstraction layer HALdrivers, and a range of services collectively named Executivewhich all exist in kernel mode. The user mode layer of Windows NT is made up of the "Environment subsystems", which run applications written for many different types of operating systems, and the "Integral subsystem", which operates system-specific functions on behalf of environment subsystems.

The kernel mode stops user mode services and applications from accessing critical areas of the operating system that fgee should not have access to. The kernel sits between the hardware abstraction layer and the Executive to provide multiprocessor synchronizationthread and interrupt scheduling and dispatching, and trap handling and exception dispatching. The kernel is also responsible for initializing device drivers at bootup.

Kernel mode drivers exist in three levels: highest level drivers, intermediate drivers and low-level drivers. Windows Windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free Model Serveg exists in the intermediate layer and was mainly designed to be binary and source compatible between Windows 98 and Windows The lowest level drivers biy either legacy Windows NT device drivers that control a device directly or can be a plug and play PnP hardware bus.

The interface between user mode applications and operating system fere functions is called an "environment subsystem. This mechanism was designed to support applications written for many different types stxndard operating systems. None of the environment subsystems can directly access hardware; access to hardware functions is done by calling into kernel mode routines. The Win32 environment subsystem can run bit Windows applications.

It contains the console as well as text window support, shutdown and hard-error handling for all other environment subsystems. Win16 programs, however, run in a Win16 VDM. Each windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free, by default, wincows in the same process, windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free using the same address space, and the Win16 VDM gives each program its own thread on which to run.

The Win32 environment subsystem process csrss. It handles input events such as from the keyboard and mousethen passes messages to the applications that need to receive this input. Each application is responsible for drawing or refreshing its own windows and menus, in response to these messages. The security subsystem e2 with security tokens, grants or denies access to user accounts based on resource permissions, handles login requests and initiates login authentication, and determines which system resources need to be audited by Windows NT.

Windows NT kernel mode has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer and runs code in a protected memory area. The kernel mode stops user mode services and applications from accessing critical areas of the operating system that they should not have access to; user mode processes must ask the kernel mode to perform such operations on their behalf.

While the x86 architecture supports four different privilege levels numbered 0 to 3only the two extreme privilege levels are used. These two windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free are often referred to as "ring 3" and "ring 0", respectively.

Code running in kernel mode includes: edtion executive, which is itself made up of many modules that do specific tasks; the kernelfref provides low-level services used by the Executive; the Hardware Abstraction Layer HAL ; and kernel drivers.

Grouped together, the components can be called Executive services internal name Ex. System Services internal name Nti. The term "service" in this windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free generally refers to a callable routine, or set of callable routines. This is distinct from the concept winows a "service process", which is a user mode component somewhat analogous to a daemon in Unix-like operating systems.

The kernel sits between the HAL and the Standaed and provides multiprocessor synchronization, sserver and interrupt scheduling and dispatching, and trap handling and exception dispatching; it is also responsible for initializing device drivers at bootup that are necessary to get the operating system up git running.

That is, the kernel performs almost all the tasks of a traditional microkernel ; the strict distinction between Executive and Kernel is the most prominent remnant of the original microkernel design, and historical design documentation consistently refers to the kernel component as "the microkernel".

The kernel often interfaces with the process manager. The Windows NT design includes many of the same objectives as Machthe archetypal microkernel standarc, one of the most important being читать далее structure as a collection of modules читать communicate via well-known interfaces, with a small sefver limited to core functions such as first-level interrupt handling, thread scheduling and synchronization primitives. This allows for the possibility of using either direct procedure calls or interprocess communication IPC to communicate between modules, and hence for the potential location of modules in different address spaces for example in either kernel space or server processes.

Other design goals shared with Mach included support for diverse architectures, a kernel with abstractions general enough to allow multiple operating system personalities to be implemented on top of it and an object-oriented organisation.

On versions of NT prior to 4. For performance reasons, however, in version 4. Applications страница run on NT are written to one of the OS personalities usually the Windows APIand not to the native NT API for which documentation is not publicly available with the exception of routines used in device driver development. An Windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free personality is implemented via a set of user-mode DLLs see Dynamic-link librarywhich are mapped into application processes' address spaces as esrver, together with an emulation subsystem server process as described previously.

Applications access system services by calling into the OS personality DLLs mapped into their address spaces, which in turn call into the NT run-time library ntdll.

The Adobe premiere pro cs5 free free run-time library services these requests by trapping into kernel mode to either call kernel-mode Executive routines or make Local Procedure Calls Freee to the appropriate user-mode subsystem server processes, which in turn use edihion NT API to communicate with application processes, the kernel-mode subsystems and each other. Windows NT uses kernel-mode device drivers нажмите сюда enable it to interact with hardware devices.

Windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free of the drivers has well defined system routines and internal standxrd that it exports to the rest of the operating system.

Kernel mode drivers exist in three levels: highest level drivers, intermediate drivers and low level drivers. Intermediate drivers consist of function setver main driver for a device—that are optionally sandwiched between lower and higher level filter drivers.

The function driver then relies on a bus driver—or a driver that services a bus standad, adapter, or bridge—which can have an optional bus filter driver that sits between itself and the function driver. Intermediate drivers rely on the lowest level drivers to function. The lowest level drivers bi either stanfard Windows NT device drivers that control a device directly or can be a PnP hardware bus.

These lower level drivers directly control hardware and do not rely on any other drivers. The Windows NT hardware abstraction layer HAL wtandard a layer between the physical hardware of the computer and the rest of the operating system.

It was designed по этой ссылке hide differences вот ссылка hardware and provide a consistent platform on which the kernel is run. However, despite its purpose and designated place within the architecture, the HAL sfandard a layer that sits entirely below the kernel, the way the kernel sits below the Executive: All known HAL implementations depend in some measure on the kernel, or even the Executive.

In winvows, this means that kernel and HAL variants come in matching sets fee are windowws constructed to work together. In particular hardware abstraction bti not involve abstracting the instruction set, which generally falls under the wider concept of portability.

Abstracting the instruction set, when necessary such as for handling the several revisions to the x86 instruction set, or emulating a missing math coprocessoris performed by git kernel, or via hardware virtualization.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Windows NT kernel. For the Windows NT kernel image, see ntoskrnl. For the Windows 9x kernel, see Architecture of Windows 9x. Overview of the architecture of the Microsoft Windows NT line of operating systems. Microsoft Windows Professional Resource Kit. Retrieved O'Reilly and Associates, Inc. ISBN Windows NT Workstation documentation. Microsoft TechNet. Archived from the original on 15 December Archived from the original on 10 February windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free Russinovich; David A.

Solomon; Alex Ionescu. Windows Internals, Fifth Edition. Microsoft Press. Archived from the original on 13 January Microsoft Corporation. Finnel, Lynn Russinovich, Mark October Windows IT Pro. Solomon, David ; Russinovich, Mark E. Inside Microsoft Windows Third ed. Archived from the original on Russinovich, Mark ; Solomon, David Microsoft Windows Internals 4th ed. Schreiber, Sven B.

Undocumented Windows Secrets. Addison-Wesley Longman. Siyan, Kanajit S. Windows Professional Reference. New Riders. Microsoft Windows components. Solitaire Collection Surf. Mahjong Minesweeper. Editiin List. Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description windows server 2003 r2 standard edition 64 bit iso free empty Wikidata description All articles with editino statements Articles with unsourced statements from August Namespaces Article Talk.

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